The LaTeX companion

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

1 Introduction

• 1.1 A brief history
• 1.2 Today’s system
• 1.3 Working with this book
• 1.3.1 What’s here.
• 1.3.2 Typographic conventions
• 1.3.3 Using the examples.

2 The Structure of a LATEX Document

• 2.1 The structure of a source file.
• 2.1.1 Processing of options and packages
• 2.1.2 Splitting the source file into parts
• 2.1.3 Combining several files
• 2.1.4 optional—Providing variants in the document source
• 2.2 Sectioning commands
• 2.2.1 Numbering headings.
• 2.2.2 Formatting headings.
• 2.2.3 Changing fixed heading texts.
• 2.2.4 fncychap—Predefined chapter heading layouts.
• 2.2.5 quotchap—Mottos on chapters.
• 2.2.6 titlesec—A different approach to headings
• 2.3 Table of contents structures
• 2.3.1 Entering information into the contents files
• 2.3.2 Typesetting a contents list
• 2.3.3 Combining contents lists
• 2.3.4 Providing additional contents files
• 2.3.5 shorttoc—Summary table of contents
• 2.3.6 minitoc—Multiple tables of contents56
• 2.3.7 titletoc—A different approach to contents lists
• 2.4 Managing references.66
• 2.4.1 showkeys—Displaying the reference keys
• 2.4.2 varioref—More flexible cross-references
• 2.4.3 prettyref—Adding frills to references
• 2.4.4 titleref—Non-numerical references
• 2.4.5 hyperref—Active references
• 2.4.6 xr—References to external documents

3 Basic Formatting Tools

• 3.1 Phrases and paragraphs
• 3.1.1 xspace—Gentle spacing after a macro
• 3.1.2 ellipsis, lips—Marks of omission
• 3.1.3 amsmath—Nonbreaking dashes
• 3.1.4 relsize—Relative changes to the font size
• 3.1.5 textcase—Change case of text intelligently
• 3.1.6 ulem—Emphasize via underline
• 3.1.7 soul—Letterspacing or stealing sheep
• 3.1.8 url—Typesetting URLs, path names, and the like
• 3.1.9 euro—Converting and typesetting currencies
• 3.1.10 lettrine—Dropping your capital
• 3.1.11 Paragraph justification in LaTEX
• 3.1.12 ragged2e—Enhancing justification
• 3.1.13 setspace—Changing interline spacing
• 3.1.14 picinpar—Making rectangular holes
• 3.2 Footnotes, endnotes, and marginals
• 3.2.1 Using standard footnotes
• 3.2.2 Customizing standard footnotes
• 3.2.3 ftnright—Right footnotes in a two-column environment
• 3.2.4 footmisc—Various footnotes styles
• 3.2.5 perpage—Resetting counters on a “per-page” basis
• 3.2.6 manyfoot—Independent footnotes
• 3.2.7 endnotes—An alternative to footnotes
• 3.2.8 Marginal notes
• 3.3 List structures
• 3.3.1 Modifying the standard lists
• 3.3.2 paralist—Extended list environments.
• 3.3.3 amsthm—Providing headed lists.
• 3.3.4 Making your own lists.
• 3.4 Simulating typed text.
• 3.4.1 Simple verbatim extensions
• 3.4.2 upquote—Computer program style quoting.
• 3.4.3 fancyvrb—Highly customizable verbatim environments
• 3.4.4 listings—Pretty-printing program code
• 3.5 Lines and columns
• 3.5.1 lineno—Numbering lines of text.
• 3.5.2 parallel—Two text streams aligned.
• 3.5.3 multicol—A flexible way to handle multiple columns.
• 3.5.4 changebar—Adding revision bars to documents

4 The Layout of the Page

• 4.1 Geometrical dimensions of the layout
• 4.2 Changing the layout.
• 4.2.1 layouts—Displaying your layout.
• 4.2.2 A collection of page layout packages
• 4.2.3 typearea—A traditional approach.
• 4.2.4 geometry—Layout specification with auto-completion.
• 4.2.5 lscape—Typesetting individual pages in landscape mode
• 4.2.6 crop—Producing trimming marks.
• 4.3 Dynamic page data:page numbers and marks
• 4.3.1 LaTEX page numbers
• 4.3.2 lastpage—A way to reference it.
• 4.3.3 chappg—Page numbers by chapters
• 4.3.4 LaTEX mark commands.
• 4.3.5 extramarks—Providing new marks.
• 4.4 Page styles.
• 4.4.1 The low-level page style interface.
• 4.4.2 fancyhdr—Customizing page styles
• 4.4.3 truncate—Truncate text to a given length.
• 4.5 Visual formatting
• 4.5.1 nextpage—Extensions to \clearpage
• 4.6 Doing layout with class.
• 4.6.1 KOMA-Script—A drop-in replacement for article et al
• 4.6.2 memoir—Producing complex publications.

5 Tabular Material

• 5.1 Standard LaTEX environments
• 5.1.1 Using the tabbing environment.
• 5.1.2 Using the tabular environment.
• 5.2 array—Extending the tabular environments
• 5.2.1 Examples of preamble commands.
• 5.2.2 Defining new column specifiers.
• 5.3 Calculating column widths
• 5.3.1 Explicit calculation of column widths
• 5.3.2 tabularx—Automatic calculation of column widths.
• 5.3.3 tabulary—Column widths based on content.
• 5.3.4 Differences between tabular*, tabularx, and tabulary 255
• 5.4 Multipage tabular material
• 5.4.1 supertabular—Making multipage tabulars.
• 5.4.2 longtable—Alternative multipage tabulars.
• 5.5 Color in tables.
• 5.6 Customizing table rules and spacing
• 5.6.1 Colored table rules
• 5.6.2 Variable-width rules
• 5.6.3 hhline—Combining horizontal and vertical lines
• 5.6.4 arydshln—Dashed rules.
• 5.6.5 tabls—Controlling row spacing.
• 5.6.6 booktabs—Formal ruled tables.
• 5.7 Further extensions
• 5.7.1 multirow—Vertical alignment in tables
• 5.7.2 dcolumn—Decimal column alignments
• 5.8 Footnotes in tabular material.
• 5.8.1 Using minipage footnotes with tables
• 5.8.2 threeparttable—Setting table and notes together
• 5.9 Applications.
• 5.9.1 Managing tables with wide entries.
• 5.9.2 Tables inside tables

6 Mastering Floats

• 6.1 Understanding float parameters.
• 6.2 Float placement control.
• 6.2.1 placeins—Preventing floats from crossing a barrier.
• 6.2.2 afterpage—Taking control at the page boundary
• 6.2.3 endfloat—Placing figures and tables at the end
• 6.3 Extensions to LaTEX’s float concept
• 6.3.1 float—Creating new float types.
• 6.3.2 caption—For nonfloating figures and tables.
• 6.3.3 rotating—Rotating floats.
• 6.3.4 rotfloat—Combining float and rotating
• 6.4 Inline floats.
• 6.4.1 wrapfig—Wrapping text around a figure.
• 6.4.2 picins—Placing pictures inside the text
• 6.5 Controlling the float caption
• 6.5.1 caption—Customizing your captions
• 6.5.2 subfig—Substructuring floats
• 6.5.3 subfloat—Sub-numbering floats
• 6.5.4 sidecap—Place captions sideways
• 6.5.5 fltpage—Captions on a separate page.

7 Fonts and Encodings

• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.1.1 The history of LaTEX’s font selection scheme (NFSS)
• 7.1.2 Input and output encodings.
• 7.2 Understanding font characteristics.
• 7.2.1 Monospaced and proportional fonts.
• 7.2.2 Serifed and sans serif fonts.
• 7.2.3 Font families and their attributes
• 7.2.4 Font encodings
• 7.3 Using fonts in text.
• 7.3.1 Standard LaTEX font commands
• 7.3.2 Combining standard font commands.
• 7.3.3 Font commands versus declarations.
• 7.3.4 Accessing all characters of a font
• 7.3.5 Changing the default text fonts
• 7.3.6 LaTEX 2.09 font commands.
• 7.4 Using fonts in math
• 7.4.1 Special math alphabet identifiers
• 7.4.2 Text font commands in math.
• 7.4.3 Mathematical formula versions
• 7.5 Standard LaTEX font support.
• 7.5.1 Computer Modern—The LaTEX standard fonts.
• 7.5.2 inputenc—Selecting the input encoding.
• 7.5.3 fontenc—Selecting font encodings
• 7.5.4 textcomp—Providing additional text symbols.
• 7.5.5 exscale—Scaling large operators
• 7.5.6 tracefnt—Tracing the font selection.
• 7.5.7 nfssfont.tex—Displaying font tables and samples
• 7.6 PSNFSS—PostScript fonts with LaTEX.
• 7.6.1 Font samples for fonts supported by PSNFSS.
• 7.6.2 mathptmx—Times Roman in math and text
• 7.6.3 mathpazo—Palatino in math and text.
• 7.6.4 pifont—Accessing Pi and Symbol fonts.
• 7.7 A collection of font packages
• 7.7.1 eco—Old-style numerals with Computer Modern.
• 7.7.2 ccfonts, concmath—The Concrete fonts.
• 7.7.3 cmbright—The Computer Modern Bright fonts.
• 7.7.4 luximono—A general-purpose typewriter font.
• 7.7.5 txfonts—Alternative support for Times Roman.
• 7.7.6 pxfonts—Alternative support for Palatino
• 7.7.7 The Fourier-GUTenberg fonts.
• 7.7.8 The URW Antiqua and Grotesk fonts
• 7.7.9 yfonts—Typesetting with Old German fonts
• 7.7.10 euler, eulervm—Accessing the Euler fonts
• 7.8 The LaTEX world of symbols
• 7.8.1 dingbat—A selection of hands
• 7.8.2 wasysym—Waldi’s symbol font
• 7.8.3 marvosym—Interface to the MarVoSym font
• 7.8.4 bbding—A METAFONT alternative to Zapf Dingbats
• 7.8.5 ifsym—Clocks, clouds, mountains, and other symbols
• 7.8.6 tipa—International Phonetic Alphabet symbols
• 7.8.7 Typesetting the euro symbol (€)
• 7.9 The low-level interface
• 7.9.1 Setting individual font attributes
• 7.9.2 Setting several font attributes.
• 7.9.3 Automatic substitution of fonts
• 7.9.4 Using low-level commands in the document
• 7.10 Setting up new fonts
• 7.10.1 Overview
• 7.10.2 Naming those thousands of fonts
• 7.10.3 Declaring new font families and font shape groups
• 7.10.4 Modifying font families and font shape groups
• 7.10.5 Declaring new font encoding schemes
• 7.10.6 Internal file organization
• 7.10.7 Declaring new fonts for use in math
• 7.10.8 Example:Defining your ownfd files
• 7.10.9 The order of declaration
• 7.11 LaTEX’s encoding models
• 7.11.1 Character data within the LaTEX system.
• 7.11.2 LaTEX’s internal character representation (LICR)
• 7.11.3 Input encodings
• 7.11.4 Output encodings
• 7.12 Compatibility packages for very old documents.
• 7.12.1 oldlfont, rawfonts, newlfont—Processing old documents
• 7.12.2 latexsym—Providing symbols from LaTEX 2.09 lasy fonts

8 Higher Mathematics

• 8.1 Introduction to AMS-LaTEX
• 8.2 Display and alignment structures for equations.
• 8.2.1 Comparison with standard LaTEX
• 8.2.2 A single equation on one line.
• 8.2.3 A single equation on several lines:no alignment.
• 8.2.4 A single equation on several lines:with alignment
• 8.2.5 Equation groups without alignment
• 8.2.6 Equation groups with simple alignment.
• 8.2.7 Multiple alignments:align and flalign.
• 8.2.8 Display environments as mini-pages
• 8.2.9 Interrupting displays:\intertext
• 8.2.10 Vertical space and page breaks in and around displays
• 8.2.11 Equation numbering and tags.
• 8.2.12 Fine-tuning tag placement
• 8.2.13 Subordinate numbering sequences
• 8.2.14 Resetting the equation counter.
• 8.3 Matrix-like environments
• 8.3.1 The cases environment
• 8.3.2 The matrix environments
• 8.3.3 Stacking in subscripts and superscripts.
• 8.3.4 Commutative diagrams.
• 8.3.5 delarray—Delimiters surrounding an array.
• 8.4 Compound structures and decorations.
• 8.4.1 Decorated arrows
• 8.4.2 Continued fractions.
• 8.4.3 Boxed formulas
• 8.4.4 Limiting positions
• 8.4.5 Multiple integral signs.
• 8.4.6 Modular relations
• 8.4.7 Fractions and generalizations.
• 8.4.8 Dottier accents
• 8.4.9 amsxtra—Accents as superscripts
• 8.4.10 Extra decorations
• 8.5 Variable symbol commands.
• 8.5.1 Ellipsis
• 8.5.2 Horizontal extensions.
• 8.5.3 Vertical extensions
• 8.6 Words in mathematics.
• 8.6.1 The \text command.
• 8.6.2 Operator and function names.
• 8.7 Fine-tuning the mathematical layout
• 8.7.1 Controlling the automatic sizing and spacing
• 8.7.2 Sub-formulas.
• 8.7.3 Big-g delimiters
• 8.7.4 Radical movements.
• 8.7.5 Ghostbusters™
• 8.7.6 Horizontal spaces
• 8.8 Fonts in formulas
• 8.8.1 Additional math font commands.
• 8.8.2 bm—Making bold
• 8.8.3 A collection of math font set-ups.
• 8.9 Symbols in formulas
• 8.9.1 Mathematical symbol classes
• 8.9.2 Letters, numerals, and other Ordinary symbols
• 8.9.3 Mathematical accents
• 8.9.4 Binary operator symbols
• 8.9.5 Relation symbols
• 8.9.6 Punctuation
• 8.9.7 Operator symbols
• 8.9.8 Opening and Closing symbols

9 LATEX in a Multilingual Environment

• 9.1 TEX and non-English languages.
• 9.1.1 Language-related aspects of typesetting
• 9.1.2 Culture-related aspects of typesetting
• 9.1.3 Babel—LaTEX speaks multiple languages
• 9.2 The babel user interface
• 9.2.1 Setting or getting the current language
• 9.2.2 Handling shorthands
• 9.2.3 Language attributes
• 9.3 User commands provided by language options
• 9.3.1 Translations
• 9.3.2 Available shorthands
• 9.3.3 Language-specific commands
• 9.3.4 Layout considerations
• 9.3.5 Languages and font encoding
• 9.4 Support for non-Latin alphabets
• 9.4.1 The Cyrillic alphabet
• 9.4.2 The Greek alphabet
• 9.4.3 The Hebrew alphabet
• 9.5 Tailoring babel
• 9.5.1 Hyphenating in several languages
• 9.5.2 The package file
• 9.5.3 The structure of the babel language definition file
• 9.6 Other approaches
• 9.6.1 More complex languages
• 9.6.2 Omega

10 Graphics Generation and Manipulation

• 10.1 Producing portable graphics and ornaments
• 10.1.1 boxedminipage—Boxes with frames
• 10.1.2 shadow—Boxes with shadows
• 10.1.3 fancybox—Ornamental boxes
• 10.1.4 epic—An enhanced picture environment.
• 10.1.5 eepic—Extending the epic package
• 10.1.6 Special-purpose languages
• 10.2 LaTEX’s device-dependent graphics support.
• 10.2.1 Options for graphics and graphicx.
• 10.2.2 The \includegraphics syntax in the graphics package
• 10.2.3 The \includegraphics syntax in the graphicx package
• 10.2.4 Setting default key values for the graphicx package.
• 10.2.5 Declarations guiding the inclusion of images
• 10.2.6 A caveat:Encapsulation is important
• 10.3 Manipulating graphical objects in LaTEX.
• 10.3.1 Scaling a LaTEX box
• 10.3.2 Resizing to a given size.
• 10.3.3 Rotating a LaTEX box
• 10.3.4 rotating—Revisited
• 10.4 Display languages:PostScript, PDF, and SVG
• 10.4.1 The PostScript language.
• 10.4.2 The dvips PostScript driver
• 10.4.3 pspicture—An enhanced picture environment for dvips
• 10.4.4 The Portable Document Format.
• 10.4.5 Scalable Vector Graphics.

11 Index Generation

• 11.1 Syntax of the index entries
• 11.1.1 Simple index entries
• 11.1.2 Generating subentries.
• 11.1.3 Page ranges and cross-references.
• 11.1.4 Controlling the presentation form.
• 11.1.5 Printing special characters
• 11.1.6 Creating a glossary
• 11.1.7 Defining your own index commands
• 11.1.8 Special considerations.
• 11.2 makeindex—A program to format and sort indexes.
• 11.2.1 Generating the formatted index.
• 11.2.2 Detailed options of the MakeIndex program.
• 11.2.3 Error messages.
• 11.2.4 Customizing the index with MakeIndex
• 11.2.5 MakeIndex pitfalls
• 11.3 xindy—An alternative to MakeIndex
• 11.3.1 Generating the formatted index with xindy.
• 11.3.2 International indexing with xindy.
• 11.3.3 Modules for common tasks
• 11.3.4 Style files for individual solutions.
• 11.4 Enhancing the index with LaTEX features.
• 11.4.1 Modifying the layout.
• 11.4.2 showidx, repeatindex, tocbibind, indxcite—Little helpers
• 11.4.3 index—Producing multiple indexes

12 Managing Citations

• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.1.1 Bibliographical reference schemes
• 12.1.2 Markup structure for citations and bibliography
• 12.1.3 Using BIBTEX to produce the bibliography input.
• 12.2 The number-only system
• 12.2.1 Standard LaTEX—Reference by number.
• 12.2.2 cite—Enhanced references by number.
• 12.2.3 notoccite—Solving a problem with unsorted citations
• 12.3 The author-date system
• 12.3.1 Early attempts
• 12.3.2 natbib—Customizable author-date references
• 12.3.3 bibentry—Full bibliographic entries in running text
• 12.4 The author-number system.
• 12.4.1 natbib—Revisited.
• 12.5 The short-title system
• 12.5.1 jurabib—Customizable short-title references
• 12.5.2 camel—Dedicated law support
• 12.6 Multiple bibliographies in one document
• 12.6.1 chapterbib—Bibliographies per included file
• 12.6.2 bibunits—Bibliographies for arbitrary units
• 12.6.3 bibtopic—Combining references by topic
• 12.6.4 multibib—Separate global bibliographies

13 Bibliography Generation

• 13.1 The BIBTEX program and some variants
• 13.1.1 bibtex8—An 8-bit reimplementation of BIBTEX
• 13.1.2 Recent developments
• 13.2 The BIBTEX database format.
• 13.2.1 Entry types and fields
• 13.2.2 The text part of a field explained
• 13.2.3 Abbreviations in BIBTEX
• 13.2.4 The BIBTEX preamble
• 13.2.5 Cross-referencing entries
• 13.3 On-line bibliographies
• 13.4 Bibliography database management tools
• 13.4.1 biblist—Printing BIBTEX database files.
• 13.4.2 bibtools—A collection of command-line tools.
• 13.4.3 bibclean, etc.—A second set of command-line tools
• 13.4.4 bibtool—A multipurpose command-line tool
• 13.4.5 pybliographer—An extensible bibliography manager
• 13.4.6 JBibtexManager—A BIBTEX database manager in Java
• 13.4.7 BibTexMng—A BIBTEX database manager for Windows
• 13.5 Formatting the bibliography with BIBTEX styles.
• 13.5.1 A collection of BIBTEX style files
• 13.5.2 custom-bib—Generate BIBTEX styles with ease.
• 13.6 The BIBTEX style language
• 13.6.1 The BIBTEX style file commands and built-in functions
• 13.6.2 The documentation style btxbst.doc.
• 13.6.3 Introducing small changes in a style file

14 LATEX Package Documentation Tools

• 14.1 doc—Documenting LaTEX and other code
• 14.1.1 General conventions for the source file
• 14.1.2 Describing new macros and environments
• 14.1.3 Cross-referencing all macros used
• 14.1.4 The documentation driver
• 14.1.5 Conditional code in the source
• 14.2 docstrip.tex—Producing ready-to-run code
• 14.2.1 Invocation of the docstrip utility
• 14.2.2 docstrip script commands.
• 14.2.3 Installation support and configuration
• 14.2.4 Using docstrip with other languages.
• 14.3 ltxdoc—A simple LaTEX documentation class
• 14.3.1 Extensions provided by ltxdoc
• 14.3.2 Customizing the output of documents that use ltxdoc
• 14.4 Making use of version control tools.
• 14.4.1 rcs—Accessing individual keywords
• 14.4.2 rcsinfo—Parsing the $Id$ keyword

A A LATEX Overview for Preamble, Package, and Class Writers

• A.1 Linking markup and formatting
• A.1.1 Command and environment names
• A.1.2 Defining new commands
• A.1.3 Defining new environments.
• A.1.4 Defining and changing counters
• A.1.5 Defining and changing space parameters
• A.2 Page markup—Boxes and rules
• A.2.1 LR boxes.
• A.2.2 Paragraph boxes
• A.2.3 Rule boxes
• A.2.4 Manipulating boxed material
• A.2.5 Box commands and color
• A.3 Control structure extensions
• A.3.1 calc—Arithmetic calculations
• A.3.2 ifthen—Advanced control structures.
• A.4 Package and class file structure.
• A.4.1 The identification part.
• A.4.2 The initial code part.
• A.4.3 The declaration of options
• A.4.4 The execution of options
• A.4.5 The package loading part
• A.4.6 The main code part.
• A.4.7 Special commands for package and class files
• A.4.8 Special commands for class files.
• A.4.9 A minimal class file.

B Tracing and Resolving Problems

• B.1 Error messages
• B.1.1 Dying with memory exceeded.
• B.2 Warnings and informational messages.
• B.3 TEX and LaTEX commands for tracing
• B.3.1 Displaying command definitions and register values.
• B.3.2 Diagnosing page-breaking problems
• B.3.3 Diagnosing and solving paragraph-breaking problems
• B.3.4 Other low-level tracing tools
• B.3.5 trace—Selectively tracing command execution

C LATEX Software and User Group Information

• C.1 Getting help.
• C.2 How to get those TEX files?
• C.3 Using CTAN.
• C.3.1 Finding files on the archive
• C.3.2 Using the TEX file catalogue
• C.3.3 Getting multiple files.
• C.4 Finding the documentation on your TEX system.
• C.4.1 texdoc—Command-line interface for a search by name
• C.4.2 texdoctk—Panel interface for a search by subject.
• C.5 TEX user groups

D TLC2 TEX CD

Bibliography

Index of Commands and Concepts

People

Biographies

Production Notes